Australia, with its sunny climate and high UV index, has the highest rates of skin cancer in the world. Alarmingly, two in three Australians will be diagnosed with skin cancer by the time they turn 70, and melanoma—the deadliest form of skin cancer—claims one life every six hours. This makes awareness, prevention, and early detection critical for protecting your health.

Types of Skin Cancer

Skin cancer arises when skin cells grow uncontrollably, usually due to excessive UV exposure. The main types are:

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
– The most common type, appearing as pearly lumps or scaly patches.
– Grows slowly and rarely spreads, but untreated BCC can damage surrounding tissues.

2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
– Often appears as a thick, scaly lesion that may bleed.
– Can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

3. Melanoma
– The deadliest form, responsible for over 20,000 diagnoses and nearly 1,400 deaths annually in Australia.
– Commonest cause of death from cancer among young adults aged 20 to 39, it can spread rapidly but is highly treatable when caught early.

Why Skin Cancer is Prevalent in Australia

The high levels of UV radiation in Australia contribute to 95% of melanoma cases and 99% of non-melanoma skin cancers. Prolonged or intense exposure to sunlight without protection is the leading cause, compounded by factors such as fair skin, frequent sunburns, and family history.

Prevention: Slip, Slop, Slap, Seek, Slide

The *Cancer Council’s SunSmart campaign* emphasizes the importance of protecting your skin with these five steps:
1. *Slip* on protective clothing.
2. *Slop* on broad-spectrum SPF30+ sunscreen.
3. *Slap* on a wide-brimmed hat.
4. *Seek* shade during peak UV hours.
5. *Slide* on sunglasses to protect your eyes.

Even on cloudy days, UV levels can remain dangerously high, making consistent sun protection a must.

Early Detection Saves Lives

Early detection is vital for effective treatment, especially for melanoma. Routine skin checks by healthcare professionals, combined with self-checks, improve survival rates. A professional check can identify atypical melanomas that may be missed during self-assessment. Research shows melanomas detected during routine checks are thinner and less likely to result in death.

Use the *ABCDE rule* to monitor your skin for changes:
– *A*symmetry: Uneven shape.
– *B*order: Irregular or blurred edges.
– *C*olor: Uneven or unusual colors.
– *D*iameter: Larger than 6mm.
– *E*volving: Changes in size, shape, or symptoms like itching or bleeding.

Modern Treatment Options

Treatment options for skin cancer depend on the type, location, and stage of the cancer. Here’s an overview of the most common treatments:

1. Surgery
Surgery is the primary treatment for most skin cancers, particularly basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and early-stage melanoma.

– *Excision Surgery*: The tumor is removed with a margin of healthy tissue.
– *Mohs Surgery*: A precise technique often used for facial skin cancers to minimize tissue loss while ensuring complete removal

2. Topical Treatments
Used for superficial BCCs and SCCs in situ (Bowen’s disease).
– *Imiquimod Cream*: Boosts the immune system to destroy cancer cells.
– *5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) Cream*: Targets abnormal cells, causing them to peel off.

3. Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy abnormal cells.
– Suitable for small, early-stage cancers and precancerous lesions like actinic keratoses.

4. Radiation Therapy
Radiation is used when surgery is not possible, particularly for large, advanced, or inoperable cancers.

– Effective for areas like the nose, ears, or eyelids.

5. Targeted Therapy
For advanced melanoma with specific genetic mutations (e.g., BRAF mutation).
– Drugs like *dabrafenib* or *trametinib* block growth signals in cancer cells.

6. Immunotherapy
Boosts the immune system to attack cancer cells.
– Drugs like *nivolumab* and *pembrolizumab* are effective in advanced melanoma.

7. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Uses light-sensitive drugs and light exposure to destroy cancer cells.
– Effective for some superficial BCCs and SCCs.

8. Chemotherapy
Rarely used for skin cancers but may be considered for advanced SCC or melanoma.

Treatment Decisions

Treatment plans are tailored to the individual, considering factors such as cancer type, location, patient health, and preferences. A multidisciplinary approach often ensures the best outcomes. For more detailed guidance, consult a healthcare professional

Take Action Today

Skin cancer is preventable and highly treatable if detected early. Protect your skin by adopting sun-safe habits, performing regular  self-checks, and scheduling professional annual skin checks. With additional training in skin cancer care from college of Dermatology, our GP s here provide comprehensive checks and treatment tailored to your needs.